La Braña and the Saamis II

EDIT 23/9-03. I now consider this analysis outdated. Please see the new individual analysis for La Braña 1 and La Braña 2.

In a earlier post I showed that the La Braña have variation that fit the common Saami-Finn Plink MDS based cluster. I have now again done the same analysis with the exact same populations and markers using a different method unlinked Chromopainter-Finestructure pipeline.

Finestructure PCA 68k

As we can see in the Finestructure PCA D1-D2 above the La Braña individuals also here do cluster with the Saami-Finns as in the Plink MDS analysis. If we further define superindividuals representing different population clusterings found in earlier 289k analysis we can see the La Braña also correctly located in the tree in the heatmap below.

Finestructure tree and heatmap 68k

However we do not still see a clear clustering of the La Braña to either Finns or Saamis. We see in the above that Finns actually split into two branches seperate from each other. This is probably due to the effect of different external influences included in this analysis as the La Braña have shown African minority admixture and Saamis and Finns have shown Siberian like minority admixture. If we take the 68k dataset from the earlier world analysis and extract from the output file the same European populations we used here we end up with ca 55k SNP and get a much better clusterings of both the Finns, Saamis and the La Braña.

Finestructure tree and heatmap 55k

By removing these it appears like the common component for Finns and for Saamis have been revealed and so the La Brãna now cluster with the population its closest to after removing external influences, the Saamis.

Other related posts in chronologial order, most recent first:

La Braña and modern World variation
La Braña and modern European variation
La Braña and the Saamis
La Braña individuals and the 1000G European populations

Edit 1: This is the same run as above but with all the Saamis (incl. SWE7) and Finns except "Finn-Sam" joined together in each group. NO6 and NO7 joined into "Nor-Sam".

Finestructure tree and heatmap 55k

Edit 2: This is the original run but the North-Saamis SA1-SA4 have been grouped and all Finns except Finn-Sami have been grouped. We now see that when taking into consideration external influences the La Braña move together with the South-Saamis (SWE7) and Scandinavians with Saami ancestry (both Scandinavians with North-Saami and South Saami ancestry). The North-Saamis (SA1-SA4) group with Finns and Finns with Saami ancestry when taking into account external influences. This make sense as North-Saamis and many Finns shows elevated Siberian like ancestry compared to SWE7 and other individuals of Scandinavian-Saami ancestry.

Finestructure tree and heatmap 68k

(Updated 22/6-2013)

La Braña and modern World variation

The previous analysis of the La Brãna was based on a two dimensional MDS plot. In this analysis using a wider word-panel I will atempt to analyse them using the unlinked Chromopainter-Finestructure pipeline using what the Finestructure calls "superindividuals" and is similar to the "supervised" method used in ADMIXTURE. I used as before 68k unlinked SNPs in this analysis.

As we can see the substructures makes a lot of sense vs the previous analysis but more detailed. As we can see the La Braña is put into a larger branch containing Saamis, Finns, Vologda Russians and Mordovians. Further they are clustered into a subbranch shared only with Vologda Russians and Mordovians. I am not entirely sure why it has this branching as there is not doubt from the heatmap that there is huge sharing with the Finnish-Saami cluster.

What is different between the La Braña individuals vs the Saami-Finns is first of all the obvious larger African like minority admixture. Second we see smaller East-Asian, Siberian minority like admixture. Third we also seem to see smaller West-Asian influence.

In the more subtle it seems the La Braña shows affiliation to the Vologda Russians that the Saami-Finn group dont have possibly explaining some of the clustering. There is also appears to be affiliation to Basque and a Croat.

There also finally appears to be a larger asymmetry in the chromopaints received vs donated suggesting the affiliation between the groups is differentiated in time.

This also rise the question about where this common component seen in La Braña and the Saamis and Finns really come and what time the different infleunces from Africa and Asia arrived.

La Braña and modern European variation

Those who have followed this blog or participated in this project would been used to seeing the below linked PCA plot of European variation on this blog from Chromopainter-Finestructure with the charactaristic ">" or "<" shape where the more south-western European populations usually cluster close to the root while the Central and East European populations form on one branch while Scandianvians, Finns and Saami form on the other. Like the one below

Probably many have wondered why it has this shape and how old it is. I have now done more analysis with my ancient La Braña dataset and done a unlinked MDS plot analysis (more analysis under way) in PLINK. It has been PLINK pruned down to 69k using all participants and reference populations. As we can see there *absolutly* no doubt where the ancient La Braña cluster with at the two main dimensions.

So this probably means that the ancient La Braña Iberians had a major genetic variation that resembled Finns and Saamis today found only in Fennoscandia, variation that largely have disappeared further south and west, however as the previous post indicate there are probably components that further separate the La Braña from the Finns towards the Saamis.

La Braña and the Saamis

The La Braña dataset of 183k SNPs (that is matching 1000G dataset) and my current standard dataset of 289k SNPs only overlap each other with 4k SNP's. This is a very small number of SNPs to work with. I instead tried to see if there is another way around this problem that make it possible to do analysis using all the 183k SNP's genotyped for the La Braña. The fact that 183k of the La Braña SNP's and 288k of my current standard dataset SNP's overlap with the 1000 genome project appears to give the solution through SNP haplotype imputation widely used in genetic research combining datasets genotyped with different platforms using a common reference panel.

The imputation was done in BEAGLE and for the record I have attempted to see if a non-imputed dataset was different from a imputed dataset as most SNPs in this analysis are imputed and I have noticed a certain "drift" making the imputed individuals more similar to each other than to non-imputed individuals like 1000G individuals. I have therefore excluded all non-imputed individuals except the La Braña individuals assumming that if same minor error affect all individuals the analysis will not be so very wrong. All the genotypes used for the La Braña is actually observed genotypes (no imputation).

As we can see below in the Chromopainter-Finestructure using a selected "world" panel seem to have structuring that make sense both at the World and European level suggesting the imputation have worked well and can be used for further analysis.

CC "World" 183k linked PCA

CC "World" 183k heatmap

We here see again that the La Braña individual seperates strongly from the rest of the modern Europeans as in the earlier post using non-imputed haplotypes. The reason for this appears in world view to be much stronger African ancestry than the rest of the Europeans. The East-Asian, Siberian and Native American affiliation appears to be similar to todays Finns.

The question then further of course what population is the closest to the present day populations. I first run a simple IBS (identical by state) clustering in PLINK and got these distances where in diploid mode sees Lithuanians and Finns on the top while in haploid mode see total domination of Lithuanians.

However from own experience these direct IBS comparisment cant be thrusted fully just by direct comparison as many factors may affect the similarity. I therefore made a new Chromopainter-Finestructure run using only European populations to see if its more information in the data.

CC "Europe" 183k heatmap

 

As we can see from the heatmap there appear to be affiliation with the Lithuanians, Finns and Basque but more distant to the Saamis, however the large asymetry between CC received and CC donated to other populations gives the earliest branching from the rest of the European panel probably to some extrent because of the minory African admixture detected earlier.

However in the Principal Component analysis or PCA we can disect the different influences seen in the ChunkCount or CC data. We see here first in Dimension 1 or the X-asis that shows the largest variance the La Braña individual on the far left and the Lithuanians on the far right. On Dimension 1 there is no doubt that the Saamis appears closest to the La Brãna and on Dimension 2 that shows the second largest variance is to the Lithuanians. Note that here the Saamis and the Basques form opposites suggesting a North-East vs South-West Component.

 

CC PCA Euro 183k D1-D2

In Dimension 1 and 3 (Y-axis) we see that the La Braña are closest to Finns and to some extent also the Vologda Russians. In dimension 3 we also see that the Basque and the Lithuanians shows opposite variation where the Saamis appears intermediate between the two.

CC PCA Euro 183k D1-D3

 

 

The La Braña appears to have a major component that to the strongest extent are found in modern populations among the Saamis but appear rather absent in the rest of the Europeans.  The Saamis also appear to have a second component that appears to follow a North-South gradiants also found in larger amounts among the Finns but the La Braña appears here to be much further "South" at the lower end of the Lithuanians in the direction of the Basque suggesting that the La Braña have considerable southern ancestry. Both the components in dimension 1 and 2 are found largest in the northernmost population in Europe the Saami suggesting that there is a second "Northern" component found here not found in the ancient La Braña individuals. The third component seems more diffcult to explain. Here Finns and Vologda Russians appears to show closest variation with the La Braña closer to the Lithuanians while the Saamis appears to pull toward the Basque.

 

Summit: La Brãna shows a "northern" variation only seen to large extent among the Saamis and at the same time show affiliations toward more southern populations like Lithuanians and Basque. This probably suggest that they had both considerable "Northern" and "Southern" ancestry.

 

These finding appears at least partly to be in agreement with Vadim Verenich earrlier finding of connection with Saamis and Mesolittic hunter-gatherers:

 

Behind the Curtains: MDLP World 22 showcase

 

 

 







La Braña individuals and the 1000G European populations

I have finally managed to extract 183k SNPs from the La Braña individuals that matched the 1000 genome (via the dbSNP hg18 database) project SNP's. I also believe I have managed to large extent follow the quality filter procedures used by the authors of the original research paper. The  La Braña genotypes is as also seen in the earlier ancient Gotlander analaysis "haploid" meaning that we only have only have half of the actual diploid genotypes as shown in the example below:

Example haplotype 1 and 2 vertically::

AC -> C
GC -> G
TT -> T

This means that we cant phase the haplotypes, however the La Braña individuals do appear to be very similar so there is reason to believe that they have large runs of similar haplotype segments or ROH meaning we to some extent do have haplotypes.

Knowing that I dont really have the La Braña  haplotypes I still runned the La Braña in the Chromopainter-Finestructure pipeline vs the 1000 genome project individuals. I got the following result for ChunkCounts. Note here that all other individuals have been converted from diploid to haploid to allow proper comparison.

The result seems first to indicate minority African like influence (first left column) for this composite individual, further they appear to have somewhat similar minority East-Asian like influence (last right column) as Finns. The coloring vs European seem to indicate that Finns are closest (lower right blue box) and second Iberians (to up left of Finns) and third to Brits (upper left blue box). The relationship to the Tuscans (down left of the Brits) appears to be the most distant of the 1000 genome European populations.

The worldwide PCA seem to indicate the same as seen above. The La Braña individual here seen as the green dot a little outside the European cluster pulling toward the Africans to the left and upwards toward the East-Asians. The plot is similar to the one seen in the original research paper but in the paper the Finns (red) where more contracted and the La Braña alone in the space towards the East-Asians.

The ChunkLenght heatmap and PCA appears not to provide any useful information ( weird clustering on the trees and PCA) because of very low linkage c=0.05 between the markers used.

I also run Chromopainter-Finestructure unlinked model to compare if the linked model managed to capture any linkage. As shown below we see much the same here meaning the genotype data practically are unlinked.

I also at last did a quick and dirty unsupervised and supervised ADMIXTURE run for this dataset. In the former it appears like there is no minority admixture however its detected some minority admixture in some of the Finns. In the latter supervised run estimating only the ancestry in the La Braña and all others ancestry as given, the La Braña cluster with Finns as also seen in the Chromopainter-Finestructure analysis..

ADMIXTURE unsupervised K=3

ADMIXTURE supervised assuming all others ancestry as given (K=6). 

 ADMIXTURE supervised assuming British, East-Asians and Africans as given (K=3). 

Updated Europe Analysis

The updated Europe analysis shows much the same as before. The addition of Germans, Danes and Poles appears to fill out more of the gaps in the PCA plots. The addition of  Greek and Albanian have also made a small group in the PCA that seem to place the Balkans on the PCA map in the vicinity of the Romanians and Bulgarians.

In this run the Scandinavians do not switch between east and west branch when comparing the CC and CL runs as in the World Analysis. They do however branch out at the highest level of the Western European tree likely due to Saami or/and Finnish like influence as seen on the heatmaps, on the other hand we can see that of the European populations the Germans including diaspora individuals of part German ancestry are the Scandinavians closest relative in continental Europe.

Its also interesting to see that according to the color scale that the Scandinavians cluster and the German cluster appears to have very little asymmetry between them suggesting that there is a close geneology between them. The asymmetry vs the Saami and Finns however appears to be less obvious (meaning greater) except for individuals of mixed Scandinavian and Saami/Finn background. Here

The asymmetry occurs because Scandinavians find their closest haplotype neighbours among Saamis and Finns, but Saami and Finns finds to less extent their closest haplotype neighbor among Scandinavians but between themself. This do not appear to be the case Scandinavisn vs Germans where both find their closest haplotypes to the same extent between each other.

Saamis and Finns form on both CC and CL their own branch separating them from both the western and eastern european branches. On the CL heatmap Finns and Saamis closest relatives appears to be the Vologda Russians.  The asymmetry do not seem to be great and what makes the Vologda Russians branch out earliest of the East-European branch.

CL Euro Aggregated

CL Euro Raw

CL Euro PCA D1-D2

CC Euro Aggregated

CC Euro Raw

CC Euro PCA D1-D2

Updated World Analysis

The updated world analysis shows much the same as before. The tree structure is different for the number of chunk counts shared (CC) and an total chunk length shared (CL). In the latter Scandinavians CL clusters with the western European populations but in the former Scandinavians CC cluster with eastern populations.

The heatmaps for both these measures appears to show somewhat equal relationship to western and eastern populations suggesting that Scandinavians are intermediate between these two major branches in addition to have more Caucasus and Middle-East ancestry than Finns and Saami. In addition Saami and Finns appears to show relationship to Vologda Russians and Russians that Scandinavians have less of. The relationship to Lithuanians appears to be closer to Scandinavians than Finns and Saamis in general.

CL Aggregated

CL Raw

CC Aggregated

CC Raw